春季高寒山区牧草低温保护物质变化与其脱冻适应间关系研究

为了了解牧草低温保护物质与其抗冷冻的关系,在高寒山区测定了几种多年生牧草根中低温保护物质的含量和几种蔗糖酶活力的变化。结果表明,在4月土壤解冻期间,无芒雀麦、花雀麦、垂穗披碱草和草地早熟禾根中的蔗糖含量分别下降了74．1％、66．2％、45．2％和69．6％,果糖含量分别下降了72．0％、38．0％、68．3％和84．6％,葡萄糖含量分别下降了66．7％、62．5％、42．2％和65．2％,脯氨酸含量分别下降了83．0％、51．0％、43．3％和70．6％,可溶性蛋白质变化不大;蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性下降,蔗糖分解酶活性增加,蔗糖分解酶活性是蔗糖合成酶活性的22～35倍,是蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的55～80倍。研究结果说明,春季牧草萌发时,根中已糖含量的下降是蔗糖分解酶活性增加的结果,根中脯氨酸作为氮的贮藏物质被用于根的呼吸和蛋白质合成。春季牧草根的抗寒能力随着根中低温保护物质的减少而下降,这也说明牧草的低温保护物质和牧草的抗寒性密切相关。     

小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基与面团流变学特性关系的研究

采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离方法,以牛血清蛋白(67kD)和卵清蛋白(43kD)为分子量标记,对甘肃河西灌区近几年选育的17个小麦品系以及大面积栽培的2个春小麦品种的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成以及不同亚基对面团流变学特性(面团韧性P、延伸性L、面团筋力W)的影响进行分析。19个试验材料中共标记出从35．2～60．5kD的LMW-GS共32条谱带;通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和逐步回归分析确定出对面团流变学特性P、L、W值影响显著的7个LMW-GS,分子量由高到低为：52．7kD、52kD、49．3kD、46．7kD、44．8kD、44．2kD、35．2kD。其中35．2kD和46．7kD亚基能显著地增加面团P值,44．8kD亚基能显著地降低面团P值;44．2kD和49．3kD亚基显著增加面团L值,52．7kD亚基降低面团L值;44．8kD、52．7kD亚基能显著降低面团的W值,52．0kD和46．7kD亚基能显著提高面团W值。     

美国不同棱型大麦种质资源品质分析

对新引进的300份美国大麦种质资源不同棱型间蛋白质、赖氨酸和淀粉含量的鉴定结果分析表明:①二棱大麦蛋白质总体方差与六棱大麦具有极显著的差异,其频率分布分别是以含量12.5%和17.0%为中心的双峰分布,这可能反映了二棱大麦利用上的新特点;淀粉含量二棱大麦显著高于六棱;六棱大麦当蛋白质作为固定变量时,赖氨酸与淀粉的相关性不显著.②提出了促进SPSS统计分析软件在农业科研上的开发应用研究的建议.     

Four QTL in Rice Associated with Broad Spectrum Resistance to Blast Isolates from Rice and Barley

Pyricularia grisea is the most destructive and cosmopolitan fungal pathogen of rice and it can also cause disease on other agriculturally important cereals. We determined the number, location and interaction of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to P. grisea isolates obtained from rice (THL142 and THL222) and barley (TH16 and THL80) grown in Thailand. The isolates showed a spectrum of virulence when used to inoculate a series of differentials. We used a reference blast resistance mapping population of rice (IR64 × Azucena). IR64 was highly resistant, and Azucena was highly susceptible, to all four isolates. The numbers of resistant vs. susceptible progeny suggest that the resistance of IR64 is determined by two or three genes with additive effects. The correlation coefficients for all pairwise comparisons of disease severity were high and highest between barley isolates and between rice isolates. Four QTL were detected, one on each of the following chromosomes 2, 8, 9 and 10. IR64 contributed resistance alleles at three of the QTL (chromosomes 2, 8 and 9). Azucena contributed the resistance allele at the QTL on chromosome 10 in response to inoculation with isolate THL142. The results of the QTL analysis support interpretation of the phenotypic frequency distributions regarding the number of genes determining resistance to the four isolates in this population. Our results are novel in adding blast isolates from barley to the catalogue of pathogen specificities to which a gene, or genes, from IR64 confer resistance.     

2009年春季长江口及其邻近水域浮游植物——物种组成与粒级叶绿素a

于2009年4月在长江口及其邻近水域采集浮游植物水样,用Utermöhl方法进行初步分析,同时进行叶绿素a粒级分离研究,并采用典范对应分析讨论了浮游植物优势物种与各环境因子的关系.本次调查共鉴定浮游植物3门46属64种（不包括未定名种）,其中硅藻33属45种（不包括未定名种）,甲藻12属18种（不包括未定名种）,定鞭藻1属1种,硅藻在细胞丰度和物种丰富度上占有优势.浮游植物的生态类型主要以温带近岸种为主,优势物种为多尼骨条藻（Skeletonema dohrnii）、具槽帕拉藻（Paralia sulcata）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、尖刺伪菱形藻（Pseudo-nitzschia pungens）、颗粒直链藻狭型变种（Melosira granulata var angustissima）、柔弱伪菱形藻（Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima）和柔弱几内亚藻（Guinardia delicatula）,同时调查区也出现少数的半咸水种和大洋种.调查区浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.3～13447.7 cells·ml^-1,平均为1142.385 cells·ml^-1,硅藻的细胞丰度显著高于甲藻.细胞丰度高值区位于调查区的中部偏北区域,以多尼骨条藻为主.垂向上在表层出现最大值,随着深度的增加丰度降低.调查区的Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的平面分布基本一致,并且与细胞丰度呈镶嵌分布,即在细胞丰度高的调查区中北部较低.表层叶绿素a浓度介于0.34～29 g·L^-1,平均为3.30 g·L^-1.叶绿素a的高值区主要位于调查区的中部偏北区域,其分布趋势与浮游植物和硅藻细胞丰度的分布基本一致.主要粒级组分为小型浮游植物（microphytoplankton）,而其他靠近外海一侧的站位则以微型浮游植物（2～20 μm, nanophytoplankton）和超微型浮游植物（<2 μm, picophytoplankton）为主.与环境因子的典范对应分析（CCA）表明,春季长江口影响最优势物种多尼骨条藻分布的主要因素为硝酸盐、pH和微型浮游动物,而包括甲藻在内的其他各物种则主要受盐度、磷酸盐和硅酸盐影响.本次调查浮游植物定量研究方法与以往不同,在长江口今后需要加强骨条藻的个体生态学研究.     

春小麦对不同灌水处理的气孔反应及其影响因子

选用3个春小麦品种（系）,采用大田试验方法,在冬灌1800 m³·hm^-2的基础上,在生育期设3次灌水处理（T₁）、2次灌水处理（T₂）和1次灌水处理（T₃）,每次灌水1050 m³·hm^-2,研究土壤水分对春小麦生育期气孔导度的影响及气孔导度与相关环境因素的关系.结果表明：灌水处理对春小麦生育期气孔导度的影响较大,气孔导度随着灌溉次数的减少逐渐降低,同时不同基因型间存在差异.从拔节期到开花期,不同处理春小麦气孔导度变化一致,都呈先升高后降低趋势, 在抽穗期达到峰值;开花期之后各处理出现差异,T₁各品种气孔导度先下降后上升,T₂品种间表现不同,T₃一直呈下降趋势.各环境因子中,大气相对湿度对春小麦气孔导度的影响最大,两者的相关系数在T₂和T₃中分别达显著(0.82^*)和极显著水平(0.92^**).春小麦适应水分亏缺的气孔调节机理为反馈式调节.     

青稞根腐病对根际土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

选取甘肃省卓尼县青稞种植区为研究地点,调查青稞根腐病的发病情况,并分别采集其健康植株和发病株根际的土壤,对比分析其土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、微生物数量(细菌、真菌、放线菌)以及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、纤维素酶5种酶活性。结果发现,研究区10个采样点均有青稞根腐病的发生,发病率在5%—20%之间,不同地点发病率不同。根腐病的发生,会显著影响青稞根际微生物生物量,导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量发生变化,其中微生物生物量氮和磷含量整体降低,且不同采样点微生物量不同。土壤微生物数量总体呈现细菌放线菌真菌的趋势,但不同微生物对根腐病发病的响应不同,细菌和放线菌数量因根腐病的发生而减少,真菌的数量则增多;不同采样点土壤微生物数量不相同,细菌和真菌呈现区域性特征,放线菌的数量不呈现地域性。根腐病的发生还造成土壤酶活性的改变,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的含量因根腐病的发生而降低,而纤维素酶则升高,过氧化氢酶的变化没有规律。总而言之,根腐病的发生会使青稞根际土壤微生物组成发生改变,碳、氮、磷等物质代谢受到抑制,而能量代谢发生紊乱。因此,研究和防治青稞根腐病就必须重视土壤微生物及土壤酶的作用。     

Yield,Yield‐related Traits and Response of Potato Clones to Late Blight Disease,in North‐Western Highlands of Ethiopia

Late blight disease of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans poses a significant threat to potato production in Ethiopia. The development of new high yielding genotypes with adequate late blight disease resistance will provide a strong component of an integrated management strategy for farmers. The objective of this study was to determine late blight resistance and yield of potato clones under field condition in north‐western Ethiopia. Twenty‐four clones (17 from the International Potato Centre B3C2 population and seven widely grown cultivars) were evaluated at three locations. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Late blight resistance and yield‐related traits were determined. Results showed that clones differ significantly for all traits across locations. The following five clones combine high to moderate resistance to late blight with high yields: 396029.250, 395017.229, 396004.263, 396034.103 and 395077.12. These clones are useful genetic resources for resistance breeding against late blight disease and for enhanced yields.     

广东金山温泉沉积物中原核与真核微生物多样性初步分析

[目的]本研究旨在采用不同的PCR引物对广东省恩平市金山温泉的高温水底沉积物微生物多样性进行初步的分析.[方法]采用改进的玻璃珠法抽提温泉沉积物中环境基因组DNA,通过对用4对引物分别扩增得到的原核微生物16S rRNA基因和真核微生物ITS序列的分析,将所得到的数据与国际基因数据库GenBank进行相似性比较并构建系统发育树.[结果]研究发现原核类群G的 14个优势克隆中7个都属于蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio).与它们最相似的序列是从海洋中分离到的两个菌株 Bacteriovorax sp. NE1 (EF092445)和Bdellovibrio sp. JS5 (AF084859),相似性分别为96%和99%.原核类群X的4个序列主要属于蓝细菌类群,其中JS-X2与在美国黄石公园温泉发现的Uncultured Cyanobacterium (L35331)有95%的相似性,并且与已经全基因组测序的嗜热蓝细菌聚球藻Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 (47118315)有89%的相似性.真核类群Z有三个类群,分别是Penicillium sp.,Lodderomyces sp.和Gloeotinia sp..其中大部分序列与青霉属相似性在88%～ 90%之间.[结论]所得到的结果显示金山温泉中的微生物多样性十分丰富.     

An ensemble model for predicting Rhopalosiphum padi abundance

A novel modeling method is proposed to predict the abundance of the main vector of barley yellow dwarf virus in autumn sown cereal crops. An ensemble model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) was developed to predict the number of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) caught in traps during the autumn flight period at Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand, over the period 1982–2003. Artificial neural networks were trained using historical weather data and aphid data collected from a suction trap. Model results were compared with those obtained using multiple regression (MR) models using the same independent variables. Both ANN and MR models were validated by leave‐one‐out validation, in other words, by sequentially jackknifing each year out of the data set, fitting a model to the remaining data, then using that model to predict the number of aphids for each jackknifed year. A linear ensemble of ANN models further improved the predictions and represented the trends in the number of aphids over the 22‐year period very well. The r² between the predicted and observed numbers of aphids for the ANN models changed from 0.68 to 0.83 using the linear ensemble model, but the ensemble approach did not change the prediction for the MR models. The absolute mean error (ABSME) of prediction was much lower for the ANN ensemble predictions compared to that for the MR models. The ABMSE for the ANN models dropped from 109 to 86 aphids compared to an ABMSE reduction from 245 to 220 aphids for the MR models. We discuss the potential for ensemble models for predicting insect abundance when long‐term historical data are available.